损伤-话题@MedSci

#损伤#

1743篇内容 | 5231人围观

关注话题

话题活跃用户

#插入话题

插入图片

最新最热

[GetTopicListResponse(id=1397920, encodeId=c355139e92090, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Ren Fail：后肾移植产生的微环境抑制甘油诱导的大鼠模型急性肾损伤的进展, objectType=article, longId=189205, objectId=50a118920553, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=50a118920553, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=101, createdTime=2020-03-04, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=50a118920553, moduleTitle=Ren Fail：后肾移植产生的微环境抑制甘油诱导的大鼠模型急性肾损伤的进展, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=50a118920553)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397919, encodeId=a66a139e9193d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=medRxiv：出现心肌损伤者死亡率高达50%！上海援鄂医疗队报告, objectType=article, longId=189199, objectId=fdbf18919905, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=fdbf18919905, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=89, createdTime=2020-03-04, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=fdbf18919905, moduleTitle=medRxiv：出现心肌损伤者死亡率高达50%！上海援鄂医疗队报告, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=fdbf18919905)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397918, encodeId=4f15139e91813, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Aging：细胞外囊泡与衰老和年轻间充质干细胞在急性肺损伤中的差异, objectType=article, longId=188990, objectId=4cff188990f9, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=4cff188990f9, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=78, createdTime=2020-03-01, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=4cff188990f9, moduleTitle=Aging：细胞外囊泡与衰老和年轻间充质干细胞在急性肺损伤中的差异, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=4cff188990f9)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397917, encodeId=1ed7139e917af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=J Vet Intern Med：急性肾损伤的主要止血功能, objectType=article, longId=188924, objectId=64f9188924cf, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=64f9188924cf, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=76, createdTime=2020-02-29, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=64f9188924cf, moduleTitle=J Vet Intern Med：急性肾损伤的主要止血功能, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=64f9188924cf)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397916, encodeId=4ddb139e916be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Circulation：运动疗法对原发性乳腺癌患者心肺功能损伤的修复作用, objectType=article, longId=188733, objectId=3b98188e33b5, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=3b98188e33b5, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=80, createdTime=2020-02-26, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=3b98188e33b5, moduleTitle=Circulation：运动疗法对原发性乳腺癌患者心肺功能损伤的修复作用, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=3b98188e33b5)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397915, encodeId=3ec7139e91537, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=medRxiv：新冠病毒还损伤肾脏和睾丸！苏州学者研究，应加强睾丸病变随访, objectType=article, longId=188551, objectId=762e18855146, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=762e18855146, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=106, createdTime=2020-02-23, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=762e18855146, moduleTitle=medRxiv：新冠病毒还损伤肾脏和睾丸！苏州学者研究，应加强睾丸病变随访, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=762e18855146)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397914, encodeId=04fa139e91401, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=NEJM：VE醋酸酯或是电子烟相关性肺损伤致病因素, objectType=article, longId=188500, objectId=6eed18850015, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=6eed18850015, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=80, createdTime=2020-02-22, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=6eed18850015, moduleTitle=NEJM：VE醋酸酯或是电子烟相关性肺损伤致病因素, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=6eed18850015)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397913, encodeId=67a8139e91361, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=新型冠状病毒疫情下医护人员器械相关压力性损伤防护华西紧急推荐, objectType=article, longId=188388, objectId=aa28188388b3, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=aa28188388b3, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=83, createdTime=2020-02-20, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=aa28188388b3, moduleTitle=新型冠状病毒疫情下医护人员器械相关压力性损伤防护华西紧急推荐, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=aa28188388b3)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397912, encodeId=8799139e912a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=J Endod：X线影像可用来检测根周松质骨损伤, objectType=article, longId=188363, objectId=7542188363e8, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=7542188363e8, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=102, createdTime=2020-02-20, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=7542188363e8, moduleTitle=J Endod：X线影像可用来检测根周松质骨损伤, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=7542188363e8)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397911, encodeId=c77d139e911aa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Circulation：缺血再灌注损伤时释放的内皮细胞来源的IL-18可选择性地扩增T外周辅助细胞以促进同种抗体的产生, objectType=article, longId=188240, objectId=52c3188240b2, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=52c3188240b2, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=70, createdTime=2020-02-18, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=52c3188240b2, moduleTitle=Circulation：缺血再灌注损伤时释放的内皮细胞来源的IL-18可选择性地扩增T外周辅助细胞以促进同种抗体的产生, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=52c3188240b2)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397910, encodeId=3a67139e9104a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=J Chin Med Assoc：各种清洁程序是否会损伤牙种植体的表面？, objectType=article, longId=188101, objectId=ca72188101b0, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=ca72188101b0, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=80, createdTime=2020-02-16, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=ca72188101b0, moduleTitle=J Chin Med Assoc：各种清洁程序是否会损伤牙种植体的表面？, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=ca72188101b0)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397909, encodeId=cf2f139e909af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Cell Death Dis：在缺血性肾损伤期间，UCP2诱导缺氧反应促进脂质沉积和肾小管间质纤维化, objectType=article, longId=188028, objectId=c2bb1880281d, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=c2bb1880281d, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=87, createdTime=2020-02-15, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=c2bb1880281d, moduleTitle=Cell Death Dis：在缺血性肾损伤期间，UCP2诱导缺氧反应促进脂质沉积和肾小管间质纤维化, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=c2bb1880281d)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397908, encodeId=0146139e90890, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Stroke：舒张压可影响局部白质损伤负荷, objectType=article, longId=187919, objectId=21e418e91999, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=21e418e91999, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=78, createdTime=2020-02-14, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=21e418e91999, moduleTitle=Stroke：舒张压可影响局部白质损伤负荷, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=21e418e91999)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397907, encodeId=15ea139e90793, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Blood：血凝素缺乏促进SCD患者发生急性肾损伤, objectType=article, longId=187900, objectId=b71818e900be, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=b71818e900be, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=70, createdTime=2020-02-14, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=b71818e900be, moduleTitle=Blood：血凝素缺乏促进SCD患者发生急性肾损伤, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=b71818e900be)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397906, encodeId=8a5b139e90601, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Spinal Cord：脊髓损伤男性精液中精子DNA断裂的患病率和病因研究, objectType=article, longId=187795, objectId=953118e795c6, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=953118e795c6, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=96, createdTime=2020-02-12, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=953118e795c6, moduleTitle=Spinal Cord：脊髓损伤男性精液中精子DNA断裂的患病率和病因研究, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=953118e795c6)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397905, encodeId=172e139e905e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Lancet：临床证据暂不支持用激素治疗新冠病毒导致的肺损伤, objectType=article, longId=187775, objectId=269018e77556, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=269018e77556, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=82, createdTime=2020-02-11, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=269018e77556, moduleTitle=Lancet：临床证据暂不支持用激素治疗新冠病毒导致的肺损伤, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=269018e77556)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397904, encodeId=c9f9139e9044c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Cell Death Dis：缺血性脑损伤时，移植少突胶质前体细胞可保护血脑屏障, objectType=article, longId=187772, objectId=b16018e7725e, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=b16018e7725e, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=75, createdTime=2020-02-11, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=b16018e7725e, moduleTitle=Cell Death Dis：缺血性脑损伤时，移植少突胶质前体细胞可保护血脑屏障, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=b16018e7725e)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397903, encodeId=102b139e90395, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Brit J Surg：围手术期静脉造影剂暴露与肠胃手术后急性肾损伤发生率的关联, objectType=article, longId=187747, objectId=f59918e747b6, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=f59918e747b6, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=87, createdTime=2020-02-11, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=f59918e747b6, moduleTitle=Brit J Surg：围手术期静脉造影剂暴露与肠胃手术后急性肾损伤发生率的关联, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=f59918e747b6)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397902, encodeId=e5c6139e902b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=J Periodontal Res：Tunnel β-磷酸三钙用于损伤拔牙窝内的嵴重建, objectType=article, longId=187739, objectId=16c918e7392b, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=16c918e7392b, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=69, createdTime=2020-02-11, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=16c918e7392b, moduleTitle=J Periodontal Res：Tunnel β-磷酸三钙用于损伤拔牙窝内的嵴重建, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=16c918e7392b)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0), GetTopicListResponse(id=1397901, encodeId=7d83139e901a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, objectTitle=Cell Death Dis：穿心莲内酯可有效缓解放射诱导性肺损伤, objectType=article, longId=187618, objectId=4bf118e61895, topicUrl=null, isHasObj=0, objectCover=null, objectUrl=/article/show_article.do?id=4bf118e61895, replyNumber=0, likeNumber=82, createdTime=2020-02-08, rootId=0, userName=ms3046638856685384, userId=294e2500218, projectId=1, avatar=, status=1, hasArticle=1, attachment=null, ipAttribution=, moduleDTOList=[ModuleDTO(moduleId=4bf118e61895, moduleTitle=Cell Death Dis：穿心莲内酯可有效缓解放射诱导性肺损伤, moduleType=article, hrefUrl=https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=4bf118e61895)], followStatus=false, userIsMember=false, type=1, lengthMark=0)] 梅斯话题小助手

损伤

2020-05-29

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Ren Fail：后肾移植产生的微环境抑制甘油诱导的大鼠模型急性肾损伤的进展

2020-03-04

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

medRxiv：出现心肌损伤者死亡率高达50%！上海援鄂医疗队报告

2020-03-04

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Aging：细胞外囊泡与衰老和年轻间充质干细胞在急性肺损伤中的差异

2020-03-01

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

J Vet Intern Med：急性肾损伤的主要止血功能

2020-02-29

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Circulation：运动疗法对原发性乳腺癌患者心肺功能损伤的修复作用

2020-02-26

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

medRxiv：新冠病毒还损伤肾脏和睾丸！苏州学者研究，应加强睾丸病变随访

2020-02-23

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

NEJM：VE醋酸酯或是电子烟相关性肺损伤致病因素

2020-02-22

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

新型冠状病毒疫情下医护人员器械相关压力性损伤防护华西紧急推荐

2020-02-20

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

J Endod：X线影像可用来检测根周松质骨损伤

2020-02-20

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Circulation：缺血再灌注损伤时释放的内皮细胞来源的IL-18可选择性地扩增T外周辅助细胞以促进同种抗体的产生

2020-02-18

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

J Chin Med Assoc：各种清洁程序是否会损伤牙种植体的表面？

2020-02-16

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Cell Death Dis：在缺血性肾损伤期间，UCP2诱导缺氧反应促进脂质沉积和肾小管间质纤维化

2020-02-15

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Stroke：舒张压可影响局部白质损伤负荷

2020-02-14

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Blood：血凝素缺乏促进SCD患者发生急性肾损伤

2020-02-14

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Spinal Cord：脊髓损伤男性精液中精子DNA断裂的患病率和病因研究

2020-02-12

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Lancet：临床证据暂不支持用激素治疗新冠病毒导致的肺损伤

2020-02-11

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Cell Death Dis：缺血性脑损伤时，移植少突胶质前体细胞可保护血脑屏障

2020-02-11

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Brit J Surg：围手术期静脉造影剂暴露与肠胃手术后急性肾损伤发生率的关联

2020-02-11

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

J Periodontal Res：Tunnel β-磷酸三钙用于损伤拔牙窝内的嵴重建

2020-02-11

ms3046638856685384 (审核中...)

前往app查看评论内容

#损伤#

Cell Death Dis：穿心莲内酯可有效缓解放射诱导性肺损伤

2020-02-08

科室
- - 订阅+
  - 更多科室
工具
服务